Thursday, January 19, 2012

Managing Production and Service Operations


 Bataan Peninsula State University
Capitol Comp., Balanga City, Bataan
College of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Managing Production and Service Operations

   I.      What is Operation?

        Operations refer to “any process that accepts inputs and uses resources to change those inputs in useful ways.”

 II.      What is Operation Management?

        Operation management is “the process of planning, organizing, and controlling operations to reach objectives efficiently and effectively.

        Efficiency is related to “the cost of doing something, or the resource utilization involved.”
         Effectiveness refers to goal accomplishment.

III.      Operations and the Engineer Manager

        The engineer manager is expected to produced some output at whatever management level he is

Who are qualified to become Operations Manager?

        The typical operation manager is one with several years of experience in the operations division and possesses an academic background in engineering.

IV.      Types of Transformation Process

A. Manufacturing processes

       Manufacturing Processes are those refer to the making of products by hand or with machinery

·       job shop
A job shop is one whose production is “based on sales orders for a variety of small lots.”

·       batch flow
        The batch flow process is where lots of generally own designed products are manufactured.

·       worker-placed line flow
        An assembly line refers to a production layout arranged in a sequence to accommodate processing of large volumes of standardizes products or services
The quality of output in a worker-paced assembly line depends to a great extent to the skill of the labor utilized.

·       machine-paced line flow
        This type of production process produces mostly standard products with machines playing a significant role.

·       batch/continuous flow hybrid
        This method of processing is a combination of the batch and the continuous flow.

·       Continuous flow
        The continuous flow processing is characterizes by “the rapid rate at which items move through the systems.”

B. Service processes

    Service processes are those that refer to the provision of services to persons by hand or with machinery.

·       service factory
        A service factory offers a limited mix of services which result to some economies of scale in operations.

·       service shop
        A service shop provides a diverse mix of services. The layouts used are those for job shops or fixed position and adaptable to various requirements.

·       mass service
        A mass service company provides services to a large number of people simultaneously. A unique processing method is, therefore, necessary to satisfy this requirement. And it offers limited mix of services.

·       professional service
        These are companies that provide specialized services to other firms or individuals. It offers a diverse mix of services.

 V.      Important Parts of Productive Systems

·       Product design
        Product design refers to “the process of creating a set of product specifications appropriate to the demands of the situation.”

·       Production planning and scheduling
        Production planning may be defined as “forecasting the future sales of a given product, translating this forecast into the demand it generates for various production facilities.
        Scheduling is the “phase of production control involved in developing timetable that specifies how long each operation in the production process takes.”

·       Purchasing and materials management
        Materials management refers to “the approach that seeks efficiency of operation through integration of all material acquisition, movement and storage activities in the firm.”

·       Inventory control
        Inventory control is the process of establishing and maintaining appropriate levels of reserve stocks of goods.

·       Work flow layout
        A work-flow layout is the process of determining the physical arrangement of the production system.

·       Quality control
        Quality control refers to the measurement of products or services against standards set by the company.







Submitted to:
Dr. John Ryan C. Dizon

Submitted by:
Levi Ledesma
Allan John Lumibao
Rommel Magcalas

ILLUMINATION and SOUND


ILLUMINATION and SOUND

ILLUMINATION

*   Causes of Poor Lighting
There are several causes of poor lighting namely:

1.      Flickering tubes
2.   Misadjusted reflectors
3.    Installation within the line of vision
4.   Poor maintenance
5.   Operation outside of rated voltage
6.    Lack of uniformity
7.    Shadows or spotty illumination
8.    Inadequate amount of light

*   Fluorescent Lighting
Fluorescent lighting features that help prevent accidents are:

1.      Higher overall efficiency, which encourages more adequate lighting
2.   Improved quality of light more closely approaching daylight
3.    Less sensitive to voltage fluctuations, which tend to decrease eyestrain
4.   Lower temperature which gives more comfort to persons working close to light source

*   Illumination and Accident Prevention
The sense of sight is produced by the coordination of two factors:

ž Physiological factor, the eye. In case of faulty vision, the control is limited almost exclusively to supplying artificial lenses, known as "glasses" to assist the natural lenses of the eye to focus light rays on the retina.

ž External factor is radiant energy, natural or artificial, within the visible range that is light combination which the brain can transform into the sensation of sight.

Four fundamental factors involved in the ability to see:

1.      The size of the object
2.   Contrast is defined as the difference in the reflecting qualities of the object and its background.
3.    Brightness
4.   Duration of exposure

       Any violation of the fundamental rules of good illumination will have an adverse effect upon the ability to see, as it will handicap the action of the eye. This usually involves a time elements because whenever there is insufficient light more time is needed to see clearly than is required when lighting is good.

*   Glare

Glare is defined as a bright and dazzling light which has a blinding effect on the eyes. This is the most important single condition that adversely affects the ability to see.

*   Natural Lighting of Buildings

Daylight illumination of factories supports the slogan: CONSERVE ENERGY. In order to use daylight to advantage, various design factors must be taken into account.

These include the following:

ž Variation in the amount and direction of incident daylight
ž Luminance (Photometric brightness) and luminance distribution of clear, partly cloudy, and overcast skies
ž Variations in sunlight intensity and direction
ž Effect of local terrain, landscaping, and nearby buildings on the available light


The various schemes are as follows:

ž Sidelighting
the placement of fenestrations on the lateral sides of the building.
ž Toplighting
the placement of fenestrations on rooftops.

Industrial Facility
Lighting Intensity
1. Hangars
    Shops and service areas
2. Garage
    Repair and wash
    Storage area
    Service area
    Basement and pipe spaces
3. Laundries
    Work area
4. Shops
    Fine
    Medium
    Rough
5. warehouses
    Active storage
    Refrigerated storage
    Work areas, crating and packing
    Dead storage
6. Miscellaneous
    Locker rooms
    Mechanical room
    Generator room
    Toilet and washroom
    Utility and storeroom
    Loading platform
    Stock room
7. Administration Building
    Conference Room and Executive
    Intermittent desk work
    Prolonged close work
    Drafting, computing, processing
    Lobby
    Corridor-hallway
8. Cafeteria
    Dining room
    Kitchen
9. Clinic
    Examination room
    Treatment

25 foot-candles

25 foot-candles
10 foot-candles
20 foot-candles
5 foot-candles

20 foot-candles

30 foot-candles
20 foot-candles
10 foot-candles

5 foot-candles
5 foot-candles
15 foot-candles
3 foot-candles

10 foot-candles
10 foot-candles
10 foot-candles
10 foot-candles
5 foot-candles
5 foot-candles
5 foot-candles

25 foot-candles
20 foot-candles
50 foot-candles
50 foot-candles
10 foot-candles
5 foot-candles

10 foot-candles
20 foot-candles

30 foot-candles
30 foot-candles


Sound

Sound waves – 1120 ft. per sec. or 763 miles per hr.
Frequency – the number of cycles performed in 1sec.

Intensity – the amount of energy obtained in the vibrating air particles is the intensity of a sound wave.
             –The wider the amplitude
of vibration, the greater is the intensity.
             – The greater the intensity, the louder the sound.

Decibels (db) – the intensity of sound is measured in terms of a unit measure called decibels (db).

Noise – any undesirable sound.
The measurement of any sound stimulus is commonly made with a sound-level motor composed of a microphone and associated electronic equipment.

Analyzer – is an electronic device for separating the noise into its tonal components, or into group of components. The results of measurement are given in decibels (db), which is called the sound pressure level.

Sound pressure level= 20 log (n/0.0002 dyne per cm2)
where: n= sound pressure in the air.

Outdoors, the sound levels decrease 6db each time the distance between the source and the microphone is doubled. Conversely, the sound increases 6db each time the distance is halved. Indoors, the acoustic of the room greatly modifies this rule.

Sound Intensity – The intensity of the sound source may be indicated by the total power in watts that it produces in the air around it.

3 classes of sound:

1. Those that are composed of one or more pure tones, such as a note from the piccolo.
2. Those that contain many very closed spaced tones, such as noise of a waterfall or of a jet aircraft engine.
3. combination of the first two, such as whistle in a busy factory.

Effects of noise in man:

1. It may annoy him or it can disturb his sleep.
2. It can interfere with his ability to converse with someone else.
3. It can damage his hearing.

In approaching a problem of noise, consider the following:

A. The source
       1. Can a quieter machine or operation be substituted?
       2. Can noise intensity be reduced?
       3. Can a useful change be made in how the noise is directed?
       4. Are resilient pads beneath the noisy device of any use?
       5. Can a muffler be used?

B. The path from the source to listener
       1. Can the source or the listener readily be moved, so that the two are farther apart, to reduce the sound level?
       2. Should a barrier be erected between the source and the listener?
       3. Will the addition of an absorbing acoustical material result in significant noise reduction?
       4. Is a total enclosure for the source required?

C. The listener
       1. Can he be induced to wear ear plugs or noise-reducing cushions or helmets?
       2. Can he be enclosed in a booth or other quite space?

Sound Terms – Intensity and frequency determines the loudness of a sound. Loudness on the other hand varies with different individuals and often between two ears of the same individual.
(a)   Sone – measure of loudness level expressed on a linear scale. 1sone=40db of a 1 kHz tone.
(b)   Phon – means of evaluating the relative quality of sounds at a different frequencies. Sound pressure levels expressed in db are related to equivalent sounds at 2 kHz.

Hearing Loss – Years of exposure to noise result to hearing loss of varying degree at various frequencies of perceptible sound.

Women exhibit less increase in hearing loss than men.

Management must be informed of the problems that workers have in the working areas.

Heartbeat – 10db
Whisper – 25db
Typewriter clacks – 40db
Average conversation – 65db
Noise of the city street – 95db
Airplane Engine - 120 db (which is trillion times louder than heartbeat).

Any noise louder than 130db would be painful to listen to. To lessen the noise problems, the sound absorbing materials should be available in the working areas or in the place where the noise is untolerable. Rubber, cork, or felt pads should be used



-      Magcalas, Rommel and Bacarizas, Francis